This section provides current information about PFAS fate and transport in the environment. The PFAS Team developed a Fate and Transport training video with content related to this section. PFAS HOME Navigating This Website About ITRC Fact Sheets 1 Introduction 2 Naming Conventions and Use 2 PFAS Chemistry and Naming Conventions, History and Use of PFAS, and Sources of PFAS Releases to the Environment overview 2.1 Environmental Significance 2.2 Chemistry, Terminology, and Acronyms 2.3 Emerging Health and Environmental Concerns 2.4 PFAS Reductions and Alternative PFAS Formulations 2.5 PFAS Uses 2.6 PFAS Releases to the Environment 3 Firefighting Foams 3 Firefighting Foams Overview 3.1 Foam Formulations 3.2 AFFF Characteristics 3.3 Mechanisms for Release to the Environment 3.4 AFFF Fate and Transport 3.5 Forensic Analysis of AFFF 3.6 AFFF Procurement and Inventory 3.7 Foam Systems and Operations 3.8 Emergency Firefighting Operations 3.9 Immediate Investigative and Cleanup Actions 3.10 AFFF Disposal 3.11 Firefighting Foam System Replacement 3.12 Federal, State and International Regulations and Guidance 3.13 Foam Research and Development 4 Physical and Chemical Properties 4 Physical and Chemical Properties Overview 4.1 Challenges and Limitations Related to PFAS Physical and Chemical Properties 4.2 Physical Properties 4.3 Chemical Properties 5 Fate and Transport 5 Environmental Fate and Transport Processes Overview 5.1 Fate and Transport Introduction 5.2 Phase Partitioning 5.3 Media-Specific Migration Processes 5.4 Transformations 5.5 PFAS Uptake into Aquatic Organisms 5.6 PFAS Uptake into Plants 6 Occurrence 6 Media-Specific Occurrence Overview 6.1 Air 6.2 Soil and Sediment 6.3 Groundwater 6.4 Surface Water 6.5 Biota 7 Health Effects 7 Human and Ecological Health Effects of select PFAS Overview 7.1 Human Health Effects 7.2 Ecological Toxicology 8 Basis of Regulations 8 Basis of Regulations Overview 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Regulatory Programs 8.3 Differences in the Available Regulations, Advisories, and Guidance Regulatory 9 Site Risk Assessment 9 Site Risk Assessment Overview 9.1 Human Health 9.2 Ecological Risk Assessment 9.3 Uncertainty 10 Site Characterization 10 Site Characterization Overview 10.1 Site Characterization Issues Relevant to PFAS 10.2 Initial Steps 10.3 Site Investigation 10.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation 10.5 Source Identification 11 Sampling and Analysis 11 Sampling and Analytical Methods Overview 11.1 Sampling 11.2 Analytical Methods/Techniques 11.3 Data Evaluation 11.4 Source Identification 12 Treatment Technologies 12 Treatment Technologies Overview 12.1 Overview 12.2 Field-Implemented Liquids Treatment Technologies 12.3 Field-Implemented Solids Treatment Technologies 12.4 Incineration 12.5 Limited Application and Developing Liquids Treatment Technologies 12.6 Limited Application and Developing Solids Treatment Technologies 12.7 Integrated Remedial Solutions 12.8 Sustainability of PFAS Treatment 12.9 Improving Evaluation of PFAS Treatment Technologies 13 Stakeholder Perspectives 13 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview 13.1 Stakeholder Concerns 13.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns 13.3 Stakeholder Resources 14 Risk Communication 14 Risk Communication Overview 14.1 Role of Risk Perception: Public Stakeholders and Decision Makers 14.2 Risk Communication Challenges 14.3 Risk Communication Planning and Engagement Tools 15 Case Studies 15 Case Studies Overview 15.1 Site Characterization Case Studies 15.2 Treatment Case Studies 15.3 Risk Assessment Case Study 15.4 Risk Communication Case Studies 16 Surface Water Quality 16 Surface Water Quality 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Protection of Human Health 16.3 Protection of Biota 16.4 Sampling and Analysis 16.5 Surface Water Foam Additional Information References 17 Additional Information 17 Additional Information Overview 17.1 Additional Information for Media-Specific Occurrence 17.2 Additional Information for Human Health Effects 17.3 Additional Information for Risk Assessment Acronyms Glossary Acknowledgments Team Contacts Document Feedback ITRC & Environmental Justice/Diversity Equity & Inclusionĥ Environmental Fate and Transport Processes
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